Ascorbic acid is a monosaccharide derivative and is structurally similar to glucose and other six-carbon monosaccharides. It is colorless, white, rectangular crystals. It has a very faint, specific odor. It has a sour taste and reacts with acids. It is optically active. It rotates polarized light to the right. It is very difficult to dissolve in acetone. It is insoluble in ether, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and oils. Chemically, vitamin C is the levorotatory enantiomer of ascorbic acid. Commercial vitamin C generally consists of ascorbic acid crystals or its calcium or sodium salts. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is found in very high concentrations (millimolar and above) in the aqueous portions of many animal tissues, such as the spinal cord, lungs, and eyes.
Accurate measurement of vitamin C is essential for both its biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The role of ascorbic acid in biological systems, the functions, and requirements of vitamin C must be considered in conjunction with two factors: First, the biochemical properties of vitamin C, including its ability to act as both an antioxidant and an enzyme cofactor. Second, the pharmacokinetics, which include intestinal absorption, serum concentration, cellular distribution, utilization, and excretion.
Ascorbic acid is found in all living tissues. Fresh fruits and vegetables are the richest sources of this vitamin, which is widely available in nature. The fruits that contain the most ascorbic acid are lemon, orange, grapefruit, kiwi, pineapple, strawberries, and blackcurrants. Apples, pears, and plums, however, contain smaller amounts. Of these fruits, citrus fruits (lemon, orange, grapefruit), kiwi, and the outer parts (peel) of tomatoes are particularly rich in ascorbic acid.
Vegetables, especially rosehips, cauliflower, cabbage, spinach, onions, peppers, radishes, cress, parsley, and Jerusalem artichokes, are the richest sources of ascorbic acid.